Works Cited:

Ringu. Dir. Nakata Hideo. Perf. Matsushima Nanako, Sanada Hiroyuki. Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. Ltd, 1998.

The Ring. Dir. Gore Verbinski. Perf. Naomi Watts, Martin Henderson. DreamWorks, 2002.

Ringu 2. Dir. Nakata Hideo. Perf. Matsushima Nanako, Otaka Rikiya. Kadokawa Shoten Publishing Co. Ltd, 1999.

The Ring Two. Dir. Nakata Hideo. Perf. Naomi Watts, Sissy Spacek. DreamWorks, 2005.

Ju-On: The Grudge. Dir. Shimizu Takashi. Perf. Okina Megumi, Ito Misaki. Oz Company, 2003.

Iwasaki, Michiko et. al. Ghosts and the Japanese: Cultural Experience in Japanese Death Legends. Utah State University Press, 1994

McRoy, Jay. “Nightmare Japan.” Japanese Horror Cinema. edited by Jay McRoy. Edinburgh University Press, 2005.